Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns
| Bezeichnung | Wert |
|---|---|
| Titel |
Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns
|
| Untertitel |
A Handbook on Political Finance
|
| Verfasserangabe |
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA). . Elin Falguera
|
| Medienart | |
| Sprache | |
| Person | |
| Verlag | |
| Ort |
Stockholm
|
| Jahr | |
| Umfang |
458 p.
|
| ISBN13 |
978-91-87729-24-9
|
| Schlagwort | |
| Annotation |
All political parties need funding to play their part in the political process, yet the role of money in politics is arguably the biggest threat to democracy today. This global threat knows no boundaries, evident across all continents from huge corporate campaign donations in the United States and drug money seeping into politics in Latin America, to corruption scandals throughout Asia and Europe. Attempts to tackle these challenges through political finance laws and regulations are often undermined by a lack of political will or capacity, as well as poorly designed and enforced measures.
Contents: Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Acronyms and abbreviations Chapter 1: Introduction to Political Finance Why is political fi nance important? Political finance Enforcement Internal party finance behaviour About the handbook Introduction to the regional chapters References Notes Chapter 2: Getting the Political Finance System Right Introduction The best way to reform political finance regulations Political goals Context Ways of regulating political finance Donation bans and limits Public funding Spending bans and limits Financial reporting Enforcing political finance regulations References Notes Regional Studies of Political Finance: Regulatory Frameworks and Political Realities Chapter 3: Africa Introduction to problems in African political finance Access to funds for all relevant actors Abuse of state resources Clientelism Vote buying Illicit funding Dependency on foreign funds The cash nature of African economies An overview of political fi nance regulations in Africa Sources of income for political parties and candidates Contribution bans Contribution limits Sources of private income Public funding Abuse of state resources IX Spending by political parties and candidates Spending limits Actual spending Vote buying The relation between political party and candidate spending Enforcement of political fi nance regulations Disclosure requirements Scrutiny and enforcement Sanctions The role of civil society and the media Conclusions Recommendations Policy makers Monitoring and enforcement agencies Ruling parties Opposition parties Civil society Media actors International actors References Notes Chapter 4: Asia Introduction Problems in Asian political finance Corruption, clientelism and clans Linkages between political parties, voters and business Ineffective implementation Illicit funding Lack of resources for opposition parties and female candidates Abuse of state resources Vote buying Regional initiatives to regulate political finance Sources of income for political parties and candidates Contribution bans Contribution limits Private sources of income Public funding Abuse of state resources Political funding and female representation Spending by political parties and candidates Spending limits Actual spending Vote buying Enforcement of political fi nance regulations Disclosure requirements Scrutiny and enforcement Sanctions X Civil society and the media Conclusions Recommendations Policy makers Monitoring and enforcement agencies Ruling parties Opposition parties Civil society Media actors International actors References Notes Chapter 5: Latin America Introduction Problems of political finance in Latin America Lack of transparency and reliable information Poorly conceptualized regulations Infi ltration of illicit financing Absence of strong monitoring and enforcement agencies Sources of income for political parties and candidates Contribution bans Private sources of income Limits on contributions Public financing Abuse of government resources Spending by political parties and candidates Spending limits Actual expenditures Vote buying Compliance with political finance regulations Transparency Oversight and compliance Sanctions Conclusions Recommendations Policy makers Monitoring and enforcement agencies Civil society Media actors International actors References Notes Chapter 6: Eastern, Central and South-eastern Europe and Central Asia Introduction Regional problems with money in politics Abuse of state resources XI State control over the political arena Private-sector kickbacks and buying government favours Illegal and illicit funding Dodging rules and avoiding transparency Overview of political fi nance regulations Sources of income for political parties and candidates Contribution bans Contribution limits Sources of private income Illicit funding Public funding The abuse of state resources Spending by political parties and candidates Spending limits Actual spending Third-party spending Enforcement of political fi nance regulations The role of civil society organizations and the media The role of civil society organizations The role of the media Conclusions Recommendations Policy makers Monitoring and enforcement agencies Political parties and politicians Civil society and media actors International actors References Notes Chapter 7: Northern, Western and Southern Europe Introduction Challenges and problems of political finance in Northern, Western and Southern Europe Political corruption Weak enforcement Parties' state dependency Gender inequality Overview of political fi nance regulations The growing regulation of political finance Traditions of political fi nance regulation Recent trends of political fi nance reform: toward harmonization? Sources of income of political parties and candidates Private funding of political parties Public funding of political parties Political funding and women's representation Regulation of spending by political parties and candidates Levels and types of spending XII Reporting, external oversight and enforcement of political fi nance regulations Reporting requirements Monitoring authorities Sanctions for political finance violations The civic watchdogs: civil society and the media Conclusions Recommendations Policy makers Monitoring and enforcement agencies Political parties and politicians Media actors References Notes Chapter 8: The Established Anglophone Democracies Introduction Current challenges of political finance Unequal access to resources 'Free speech' vs 'fair elections' Abuse of state resources Dependence on corporate and trade union contributions Third-party campaigning Overview of political finance regulation Introduction of relevant regulation Sources of income for political parties and candidates Contribution bans Contribution limits Sources of private funding Public funding Spending by political parties and candidates Spending limits Actual spending Enforcement of political finance regulation Monitoring agency Reporting requirements Disclosure requirements Scrutiny and enforcement The role of civil society and the media Conclusions Common features Issues for further consideration Recommendations References Notes XIII Chapter 9: Women in Politics: Financing for Gender Equality Introduction Normative framework on political participation Political fi nance: key issues Systemic barriers Type of campaign Barriers to fundraising Measures to level the field Political finance legislation Legislation targeting the campaign period (gender-neutral) Public funding to enforce quota provisions and candidate-nomination incentives Non-legislated initiatives Political party initiatives Emily's List The WISH List EMILY's List Australia Civil society and other initiatives Conclusion Recommendations Legislators Political finance regulatory bodies Political parties Media actors Civil society International actors References Notes Chapter 10: Conclusions Money and politics: a contextual overview Global challenges High costs Lack of grass-roots support Illicit funding and criminal sources Business and politics Unequal access to funds Abuse of state resources Lack of enforcement Self-regulation of parties and politicians Global regulatory trends Growing (and more specific) legislation Public funding Gender and public funding Recommendations Policy makers Monitoring and enforcement agencies Political parties and politicians Media actors Civil society XIV International actors Main recommendations References Notes Annexes Annex I: Comparative tables Annex II: Glossary Annex III: About the authors Annex IV: International dollars (I$) Annex V: About International IDEA Index Tables 1.1. Levels of political finance regulation per country, by region 2.1. The rationale behind different types of donation bans 2.2. The rationale and considerations regarding direct public funding 2.3. The rationale and considerations regarding spending limits 2.4. The rationale and considerations regarding fi nancial reporting requirements 3.1. Amounts of direct public funding distributed in ten African countries 4.1. Subsidies provided to political parties in South Korea in 2012 5.1. Party dependency on public funding in Latin America, by country 7.1. Membership fees as a percentage of total party income in Northern, Western and Southern Europe, 1950-90 7.2. Reported donations to political parties in Luxembourg, 2009-11 7.3. Reported donations to the Dutch Social Democratic Party, 2010-12 7.4. Annual limits on contributions to political parties in Northern, Western and Southern Europe 7.5. The costs of French presidential elections, 1981-2002 8.1. Subsidy levels in anglophone democracies 8.2. Spending limits for parties and candidates (in I$) 8.3. Campaign spending in US federal elections since 2000 9.1. Political funding regulations and gender considerations 9.2. Gendered impacts of fi nance legislation 9.3. Enforcement of electoral quotas through public funding 9.4. Public funding disbursement relative to number of women candidates 9.5. Legislation targeting gender-equality measures and earmarking Figures 2.1. Building blocks for political fi nance reform 2.2. Examples of considerations for political goals 2.3. The provision of direct public funding for political parties 2.4. Spending limits for candidates 2.5. Is it specifi ed that a particular institution(s) is responsible for examining fi nancial reports and/or investigating violations? 3.1. African countries with bans on corporate donations and donations from XV foreign interests to political parties 3.2. Free or subsidized access to media for political parties in Africa 4.1. Asian countries where tax relief is provided to parties as a type of indirect public funding 5.1. The percentage of states in Latin America that ban anonymous donations to political parties and candidates 5.2. Countries in Latin America that require periodic reporting of party financing 6.1. Limits on the amount donors can contribute to candidates in Eastern, Central and South-eastern Europe and Central Asia 6.2. Institutions responsible for examining financial reports and/or investigating violations in Eastern, Central and South-eastern Europe and Central Asia 7.1. Year of introduction of political finance laws for parties and candidates in Northern, Western and Southern Europe 7.2. Infractions related to annual private donations in Portugal, 1994-2007 7.3. Northern, Western and Southern European countries that offer direct public funding for political parties 7.4. The introduction of direct public funding of political parties in Northern, Western and Southern Europe 7.5. The dependency of political parties in Northern, Western and Southern Europe on state funding 7.6. Northern, Western and Southern European countries that require political party reports to be made available to the public 8.1. Maximum amounts for legally anonymous contributions in anglophone countries (in I$) 9.1. Countries that have adopted political finance reforms that directly target gender equality Boxes 2.1. Common challenges in political finance 4.1. Political party income in India 4.2. Japan-decreasing donations 6.1. The Lazarenko scandal 9.1. Costa Rica financing for gender equality 9.2. El Salvador's FMLN 9.3. EMILY'S List XVI Acronyms |
| Urheber |
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA)
|
| Altersbeschränkung |
0
|
Erhältlich in folgenden Bibliotheken
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Friedensbibliothek/Peace Library Stadtschlaining |
Anfahrt 
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